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Introduction to Object Oriented Programming Concepts (OOPS) in C#.net

Apr 16, 2010
OOPS Concepts

Class:

 It is a collection of objects.

Object:

It is a real time entity.
An object can be considered a "thing" that can perform a set of related activities. The set of activities that the object performs defines the object's behavior. For example, the hand can grip something or a Student (object) can give the name or address. In pure OOP terms an object is an instance of a class


The above template describe about object Student
Class is composed of three things name, attributes, and operations

public class student
{
}
student objstudent=new student ();

According to the above sample we can say that Student object, named objstudent, has created out of the student class.

In real world you will often find many individual objects all of the same kind. As an example, there may be thousands of other bicycles in existence, all of the same make and model. Each bicycle has built from the same blueprint. In object-oriented terms, we say that the bicycle is an instance of the class of objects known as bicycles. In the software world, though you may not have realized it, you have already used classes. For example, the Textbox control, you always used, is made out of the Textbox class, which defines its appearance and capabilities. Each time you drag a Textbox control, you are actually creating a new instance of the Textbox class.

Encapsulation:

Encapsulation is a process of binding the data members and member functions into a single unit.

Example for encapsulation is class. A class can contain data structures and methods.
Consider the following class

public class Aperture
{
public Aperture ()
{
}
protected double height;
protected double width;
protected double thickness;
public double get volume()
{
Double volume=height * width * thickness;
if (volume<0)
return 0;
return volume;
}
}

In this example we encapsulate some data such as height, width, thickness and method Get Volume. Other methods or objects can interact with this object through methods that have public access modifier.


To know more about Encapsulation check this Encapsulation in C# with Examples.

Abstraction:

Abstraction is a process of hiding the implementation details and displaying the essential features.

Example1: A Laptop consists of many things such as processor, motherboard, RAM, keyboard, LCD screen, wireless antenna, web camera, usb ports, battery, speakers etc. To use it, you don't need to know how internally LCD screens, keyboard, web camera, battery, wireless antenna, speaker’s works.  You just need to know how to operate the laptop by switching it on. Think about if you would have to call to the engineer who knows all internal details of the laptop before operating it. This would have highly expensive as well as not easy to use everywhere by everyone.

So here the Laptop is an object that is designed to hide its complexity.


How to abstract: - By using Access Specifiers

To know more about abstraction check this Abstraction in c# with Examples.

.Net has five access Specifiers

Public -- Accessible outside the class through object reference.

Private -- Accessible inside the class only through member functions.

Protected -- Just like private but Accessible in derived classes also through member 
functions.

Internal -- Visible inside the assembly. Accessible through objects.

Protected Internal -- Visible inside the assembly through objects and in derived classes outside the assembly through member functions.

Let’s try to understand by a practical example:-


public class Class1
    {
        int  i;                                         //No Access specifier means private
        public  int j;                                        // Public
        protected int k;                             //Protected data
        internal int m;                        // Internal means visible inside assembly
        protected internal int n;                   //inside assembly as well as to derived classes outside assembly
        static int x;                                 // This is also private
        public static int y;                       //Static means shared across objects
        [DllImport("MyDll.dll")]
        public static extern int MyFoo();       //extern means declared in this assembly defined in some other assembly
        public void myFoo2()
        {
            //Within a class if you create an object of same class then you can access all data members through object reference even private data too
            Class1 obj = new Class1();
            obj.i =10;   //Error can’t access private data through object.But here it is accessible.:)
            obj.j =10;
            obj.k=10;
            obj.m=10;
            obj.n=10;
       //     obj.s =10;  //Errror Static data can be accessed by class names only
            Class1.x = 10;
         //   obj.y = 10; //Errror Static data can be accessed by class names only
            Class1.y = 10;
        }
    }

Now lets try to copy the same code inside Main method and try to compile
[STAThread]
        static void Main()
        {
           //Access specifiers comes into picture only when you create object of class outside the class
            Class1 obj = new Class1();
       //     obj.i =10; //Error can’t access private data through object.
            obj.j =10;
      //      obj.k=10;     //Error can’t access protected data through object.
            obj.m=10;
            obj.n=10;
       //     obj.s =10;  //Errror Static data can be accessed by class names only
            Class1.x = 10;  //Error can’t access private data outside class
         //   obj.y = 10; //Errror Static data can be accessed by class names only
            Class1.y = 10;
        }
What if Main is inside another assembly
[STAThread]
        static void Main()
        {
           //Access specifiers comes into picture only when you create object of class outside the class
            Class1 obj = new Class1();
       //     obj.i =10; //Error can’t access private data through object.
            obj.j =10;
      //      obj.k=10;     //Error can’t access protected data through object.
     //     obj.m=10; // Error can’t access internal data outside assembly
    //      obj.n=10; // Error can’t access internal data outside assembly

       //     obj.s =10;  //Errror Static data can be accessed by class names only
            Class1.x = 10;  //Error can’t access private data outside class
         //   obj.y = 10; //Errror Static data can be accessed by class names only
            Class1.y = 10;
        }
In object-oriented software, complexity is managed by using abstraction.

Abstraction is a process that involves identifying the critical behavior of an object and eliminating irrelevant and complex details.

To know more about access specifiers, check this Access Modifiers in C# with Examples

Inheritance:

Inheritance is a process of deriving the new class from already existing class
C# is a complete object oriented programming language. Inheritance is one of the primary concepts of object-oriented programming. It allows you to reuse existing code. Through effective use of inheritance, you can save lot of time in your programming and also reduce errors, which in turn will increase the quality of work and productivity. A simple example to understand inheritance in C#.


Using System;
Public class BaseClass
{
    Public BaseClass ()
    {
        Console.WriteLine ("Base Class Constructor executed");
    }
                                 
    Public void Write ()
    {
        Console.WriteLine ("Write method in Base Class executed");
    }
}
                                 
Public class ChildClass: BaseClass
{
                                 
    Public ChildClass ()
    {
        Console.WriteLine("Child Class Constructor executed");
    }
   
    Public static void Main ()
    {
        ChildClass CC = new ChildClass ();
        CC.Write ();
    }
}

In the Main () method in ChildClass we create an instance of childclass. Then we call the write () method. If you observe the ChildClass does not have a write() method in it. This write () method has been inherited from the parent BaseClass.

The output of the above program is

Output:
  Base Class Constructor executed
  Child Class Constructor executed
  Write method in Base Class executed

this output proves that when we create an instance of a child class, the base class constructor will automatically be called before the child class constructor. So in general Base classes are automatically instantiated before derived classes.

In C# the syntax for specifying BaseClass and ChildClass relationship is shown below. The base class is specified by adding a colon, ":", after the derived class identifier and then specifying the base class name.

Syntax:  class ChildClassName: BaseClass
              {
                   //Body
              }

C# supports single class inheritance only. What this means is, your class can inherit from only one base class at a time. In the code snippet below, class C is trying to inherit from Class A and B at the same time. This is not allowed in C#. This will lead to a compile time 
error: Class 'C' cannot have multiple base classes: 'A' and 'B'.

public class A
{
}
public class B
{
}
public class C : A, B
{
}

In C# Multi-Level inheritance is possible. Code snippet below demonstrates mlti-level inheritance. Class B is derived from Class A. Class C is derived from Class B. So class C, will have access to all members present in both Class A and Class B. As a result of multi-level inheritance Class has access to A_Method(),B_Method() and C_Method().

Note: Classes can inherit from multiple interfaces at the same time. Interview Question: How can you implement multiple inheritance in C#? Ans : Using Interfaces. We will talk about interfaces in our later article.

Using System;
Public class A
{
    Public void A_Method ()
    {
        Console.WriteLine ("Class A Method Called");
    }
}
Public class B: A
{
    Public void B_Method ()
    {
        Console.WriteLine ("Class A Method Called");
    }
}
Public class C: B
{
    Public void C_Method ()
    {
        Console.WriteLine ("Class A Method Called");
    }
                   
    Public static void Main ()
    {
        C C1 = new C ();
        C1.A_Method ();
        C1.B_Method ();
        C1.C_Method ();
    }
}
When you derive a class from a base class, the derived class will inherit all members of the base class except constructors. In the code snippet below class B will inherit both M1 and M2 from Class A, but you cannot access M2 because of the private access modifier. Class members declared with a private access modifier can be accessed only with in the class. We will talk about access modifiers in our later article.

Common Interview Question: Are private class members inherited to the derived class?

Ans: Yes, the private members are also inherited in the derived class but we will not be able to access them. Trying to access a private base class member in the derived class will report a compile time error.

Using System;
Public class A
{
Public void M1 ()
{
}
Private void M2 ()
{
}
}

Public class B: A
{
Public static void Main ()
{
B B1 = new B ();
B1.M1 ();
//Error, Cannot access private member M2
//B1.M2 ();
}
}
Method Hiding and Inheritance We will look at an example of how to hide a method in C#. The Parent class has a write () method which is available to the child class. In the child class I have created a new write () method. So, now if I create an instance of child class and call the write () method, the child class write () method will be called. The child class is hiding the base class write () method. This is called method hiding.

If we want to call the parent class write () method, we would have to type cast the child object to Parent type and then call the write () method as shown in the code snippet below.


Using System;
Public class Parent
{
    Public void Write ()
    {
        Console.WriteLine ("Parent Class write method");
    }
}
 
Public class Child: Parent
{
    Public new void Write ()
    {
        Console.WriteLine ("Child Class write method");
    }
   
    Public static void Main ()
    {
        Child C1 = new Child ();
        C1.Write ();
        //Type caste C1 to be of type Parent and call Write () method
        ((Parent) C1).Write ();
    }
}

To know more about inheritance, check this Inheritance in C# with Examples.

Polymorphism:

When a message can be processed in different ways is called polymorphism. Polymorphism means many forms.
 
Polymorphism is one of the fundamental concepts of OOP.
 
Polymorphism provides following features: 

  • It allows you to invoke methods of derived class through base class reference during runtime.
  • It has the ability for classes to provide different implementations of methods that are called through the same name. 
Polymorphism is of two types:
 
  1. Compile time polymorphism/Overloading
  2. Runtime polymorphism/Overriding
Compile Time Polymorphism
 
Compile time polymorphism is method and operators overloading. It is also called early binding.
 
In method overloading method performs the different task at the different input parameters.
 
Runtime Time Polymorphism
 
Runtime time polymorphism is done using inheritance and virtual functions. Method overriding is called runtime polymorphism. It is also called late binding.
 
When overriding a method, you change the behavior of the method for the derived class.  Overloading a method simply involves having another method with the same prototype.
 
Caution: Don't confused method overloading with method overriding, they are different, unrelated concepts. But they sound similar.
 
Method overloading has nothing to do with inheritance or virtual methods.
 
Following are examples of methods having different overloads:
 
void area(int side);
void area(int l, int b);
void area(float radius);
 
Practical example of Method Overloading (Compile Time Polymorphism)
 
using System;
 
namespace method_overloading
{
    class Program
    {
        public class Print
        {
           
            public void display(string name)
            {
                Console.WriteLine ("Your name is : " + name);
            }
 
            public void display(int age, float marks)
            {
                Console.WriteLine ("Your age is : " + age);
                Console.WriteLine ("Your marks are :" + marks);
            }
        }
       
        static void Main(string[] args)
        {
 
            Print obj = new Print ();
            obj.display ("George");
            obj.display (34, 76.50f);
            Console.ReadLine ();
        }
    }

Note: In the code if you observe display method is called two times. Display method will work according to the number of parameters and type of parameters.

When and why to use method overloading
 
Use method overloading in situation where you want a class to be able to do something, but there is more than one possibility for what information is supplied to the method that carries out the task.
 
You should consider overloading a method when you for some reason need a couple of methods that take different parameters, but conceptually do the same thing.
 
Method overloading showing many forms.
 
using System;
 
namespace method_overloading_polymorphism
{
    Class Program
    {
        Public class Shape
        {
            Public void Area (float r)
            {
                float a = (float)3.14 * r;
                // here we have used function overload with 1 parameter.
                Console.WriteLine ("Area of a circle: {0}",a);
            }
 
            Public void Area(float l, float b)
            {
                float x = (float)l* b;
                // here we have used function overload with 2 parameters.
                Console.WriteLine ("Area of a rectangle: {0}",x);
 
            }
 
            public void Area(float a, float b, float c)
            {
                float s = (float)(a*b*c)/2;
                // here we have used function overload with 3 parameters.
                Console.WriteLine ("Area of a circle: {0}", s);
            }
        }
 
        Static void Main (string[] args)
        {
            Shape ob = new Shape ();
            ob.Area(2.0f);
            ob.Area(20.0f,30.0f);
            ob.Area(2.0f,3.0f,4.0f);
            Console.ReadLine ();
        }
    }
 
Things to keep in mind while method overloading
 
If you use overload for method, there are couple of restrictions that the compiler imposes.
 
The rule is that overloads must be different in their signature, which means the name and the number and type of parameters.
 
There is no limit to how many overload of a method you can have. You simply declare them in a class, just as if they were different methods that happened to have the same name.

Method Overriding:

Whereas Overriding means changing the functionality of a method without changing the signature. We can override a function in base class by creating a similar function in derived class. This is done by using virtual/override keywords.

Base class method has to be marked with virtual keyword and we can override it in derived class using override keyword.

Derived class method will completely overrides base class method i.e. when we refer base class object created by casting derived class object a method in derived class will be called.

Example: 

// Base class
public class BaseClass
{
public virtual void Method1()
{
Console.Write("Base Class Method");
}
}
// Derived class
public class DerivedClass : BaseClass
{
public override void Method1()
{
Console.Write("Derived Class Method");
}
}
// Using base and derived class
public class Sample
{
public void TestMethod()
{
// calling the overriden method
DerivedClass objDC = new DerivedClass();
objDC.Method1();
 // calling the baesd class method
BaseClass objBC = (BaseClass)objDC;
objDC.Method1();
}
}

Output
---------------------

Derived Class Method

Derived Class Method
Constructors and Destructors:

Classes have complicated internal structures, including data and functions, object initialization and cleanup for classes is much more complicated than it is for simple data structures. Constructors and destructors are special member functions of classes that are used to construct and destroy class objects. Construction may involve memory allocation and initialization for objects. Destruction may involve cleanup and deallocation of memory for objects.
  • Constructors and destructors do not have return types nor can they return values.
  • References and pointers cannot be used on constructors and destructors because their addresses cannot be taken.
  • Constructors cannot be declared with the keyword virtual.
  • Constructors and destructors cannot be declared const, or volatile.
  • Unions cannot contain class objects that have constructors or destructors.
Constructors and destructors obey the same access rules as member functions. For example, if you declare a constructor with protected access, only derived classes and friends can use it to create class objects.
The compiler automatically calls constructors when defining class objects and calls destructors when class objects go out of scope. A constructor does not allocate memory for the class object it’s this pointer refers to, but may allocate storage for more objects than its class object refers to. If memory allocation is required for objects, constructors can explicitly call the new operator. During cleanup, a destructor may release objects allocated by the corresponding constructor. To release objects, use the delete operator.

Example of Constructor

class C
{
       private int x;    
       private int y;
       public C (int i, int j)
       {
                 x = i;
                 y = j;
       }
       public void display ()     
       {
               Console.WriteLine(x + "i+" + y);
       }
}

To know more about constructors, check this Constructors in C# with Examples.

Example of Destructor


class D
{
        public D ()
        {
            // constructor
        }         
        ~D ()
        {
           // Destructor
        }
}

To know more about Destructor, check this Destructor in C# with Examples.

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502 comments :

«Oldest   ‹Older   401 – 502 of 502   Newer›   Newest»
Anonymous said...

Dat ws vry well organised...n helped a lot....thanks!!!

Arvind Pandey said...

Salute sir very nice articals

Arvind Pandey said...

Nice Jobs for your junior Brother

Anonymous said...

Nice article...Good Analyze OOPS

Unknown said...

Good ........

Please Describe the Abstract class and Interface.

And different between both

Unknown said...

It is a very useful article.Thank you suresh ... :)

Anonymous said...

Nice, Please keep updating lot of concepts

thanks

Unknown said...

Very Good Article. Its very simple and easy. Good job dude.

naqash zaheer said...

nice work man

Unknown said...

Very Very good explaination....thanx

Unknown said...

I THOUGH COMPARING UR SITE IS VERY USEFUL FOR EVERYBODY
I WANT MORE EFFICIENT PROCESS OF EXAMPLES,
PLEASE LET ME KNOW

Anonymous said...

Good Article!!!

Anonymous said...

Good Explanation
Ranjit
Giridih(JHARKHAND)

Unknown said...

superb........

Anonymous said...

Thanks a lot for awesome content !!!!!!!!!!

Anonymous said...

It is very helpful for basic oops concepts

Anonymous said...

hats off to u sirji

Thilak said...

It's really nice suresh we expecting more tutorials from your side

Anonymous said...

Good one....

Anonymous said...

Good Job

Anonymous said...

G8t Job..Very useful article with clearunderstanding...

rahul said...

In the method overriding section.
// calling the baesd class method
BaseClass objBC = (BaseClass)objDC;
objDC.Method1();
It is calling the derived method. I also uses objBC.Method1(); it still calling derived method. Can you explain it?

R. K. Yadav said...

It s very useful and easy to understand..Thank you Suresh Ji

Anonymous said...

Good work, nice explanation, but If you can limit the number of comments to last 5 or 10 (not 200 because it becomes too bulky when I am viewing this from my mobile) It will be better to read for someone like me
I hope you understand my problem. Thanks in advance

Anonymous said...

goooood job bro

Unknown said...

nice article...

Unknown said...

Hi Suresh

Good job man...Now my mind is 90% cleared in OOPs concepts in c#..Thanks again

Unknown said...

Derived class method will completely overrides base class method i.e. when we refer base class object created by casting derived class object a method in derived class will be called.
Example:
// Base class
public class BaseClass
{
public virtual void Method1()
{
Console.Write("Base Class Method");
}
}
// Derived class
public class DerivedClass : BaseClass
{
public override void Method1()
{
Console.Write("Derived Class Method");
}
}
// Using base and derived class
public class Sample
{
public void TestMethod()
{
// calling the overriden method
DerivedClass objDC = new DerivedClass();
objDC.Method1();
// calling the baesd class method
BaseClass objBC = (BaseClass)objDC;
objDC.Method1();
}
}

Output
---------------------

Derived Class Method

Derived Class Method

please check this is Right output or not as me its wrong
it may be
Derived Class Method

Base Class Method

please check it....

Anonymous said...

Good Simplified explanation .......thx

Anonymous said...

Please post for Request Processing in .Net

Unknown said...

excellent

Unknown said...

Excellent....

Unknown said...

Good Morning

somu said...

Explained intuitively. Thank you

Anonymous said...

Nice article...

I think there is a small mistake in Method Overiding example..

BaseClass objBC = (BaseClass)objDC;
objDC.Method1();

The call objBC.Method1() wont call base class method. Actually in the derived class overrided method you need to call base.Method1(), if you like to have base class method functionality too...

Anonymous said...

nice tut suresh :)

Anonymous said...

Good work,its very nice article in basic level and to understanding very easily.

Unknown said...

what a nice stuff dude... the basics in your blog are described in a good manner which is easily understandable to everyone.. Keep up your efforts..! iam looking forward for few more post's like this from you :)::)

Anonymous said...

thanks very useful............:)

Anonymous said...

What we need in brief is here
Thanks a lot

Anonymous said...

baga artham aginthi

Anonymous said...

good article brother

Anonymous said...

Thank you sir.... Its very useful to cover oops concepts :D

Anonymous said...

vry nice and informative site for each and evry1 :)

Evan said...

Can Object oriented concepts be used for javascripts?

regards,
Creately

Anonymous said...

helpfull information

ShitalS said...

Nice Article
the explanation is too good for understanding

Anonymous said...

nice article good job

Ajeya Shetti said...

Quick refresher. Nicely explained.

Anonymous said...

Nice Work

Unknown said...

guruji nice briefcase!! GodBless

Unknown said...

very ncie and good

Anonymous said...

awesome post for the beginners

Unknown said...

why compiler knows runtime which method call in dynamic polymorphism?? What is logic behind that??

Anonymous said...

Good article.

Peridot Systems said...

Informative article

Anonymous said...

your code is very useful but can i get same logic i need implement in web services using web Api 2.2 can you please help

Unknown said...

-its very helpful article for beginners, ty :)

Anonymous said...

Easy and Undersatandable..
Thank you..

Anonymous said...

great work.....

Unknown said...

Thnak you

Anonymous said...

Suprb Articale.

Unknown said...

It s very useful and easy to understand....
Thank you...

Unknown said...

keep up the good work...article was very well written and lucid...Thanks

Unknown said...

keep up the good work...article was very well written and lucid...Thanks

Mayuri said...

Soooooo easy to understand!! :)
thank u for making this concept easy!! ^_^

Unknown said...

Very Nice Article Suresh Keep Up The Good Work....:)

Anish Kumar said...

super .....

Anonymous said...

Good Work

Anonymous said...

Good work very nice articale

Unknown said...

good

Unknown said...

GOOD BUT EXAMPLE OF CONSTRUCTOR IS NOT GOOD ONE .CAN YOU EXPLAIN WITH DIFFERENT EXAMPLE..

Unknown said...

Thanks...

Unknown said...

i really injoy.

Unknown said...

nice article, Thanks for basic brushing of concepts

Unknown said...

nice article

Unknown said...

Great job thanks a lot..

Manav Pandya said...

Very impressive sir ...
asp-dotnet-mvc-tutorials.blogspot.com

Unknown said...

very nice explanation with examples which is really understandable.

Unknown said...

Every OOPs concept Clear After Read this article Thank you Suresh Sir Thank you so much.!!

Unknown said...

Thanks suresh

sandeep said...

plz explain method hiding......

Anonymous said...

good

Anonymous said...

Great Article. Very useful all levels of developers. Thank you Suresh

Anonymous said...

very usefull....... Thanxxxxxx sir

Hari Shankar Maurya said...

very nice

chinna said...

it's very nice article and valuable info.

Anonymous said...

very good work keep it on

RUPESH said...

Nice article, can your throw some light on events and delegates (difference in its implementation and usage).

Anonymous said...

you are great...i love reading your articles...thank you so much Sir for your contribution for us...

Krishna

Unknown said...

good article.........

Anonymous said...

Nice Explanation........

Pradeep shukla said...

good

Rachel Lancaster said...

Nice Article!

Unknown said...

Very nice Explain all concept

Anonymous said...

Sir Please tell me about Machine Test Program that ask in interviews

Unknown said...

Good....nice explanation sir...

A K Nayak said...

Sir,

i want to write a code, Can you tell me what is the use of New Projects or New Website and When to be use. Please suggest me.

Thank you.

Anonymous said...

_
______|_|
|_____|


(Y)

Anonymous said...

Much useful and easy to understand .....

Unknown said...

It is one of an Important website to learn new things as for as I know.
I thank you and your great mind.

TravelGuides said...

sir do you have youtube channel

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